Breast Cancer

Known Symptoms

Common symptoms: Palpable breast lump (often painless). Changes in breast size/shape, skin dimpling or thickening. Nipple retraction, discharge (especially bloody), or rash.
Red-flag symptoms: Axillary lymphadenopathy. Persistent breast pain unrelated to menstrual cycle. signs of advanced disease (e.g., bone pain, jaundice, shortness of breath).

Known Causes

Etiology:
- Genetic factors (e.g., BRCA1/2 mutations, family history).
- Hormonal influences (early menarche, late menopause, hormone replacement therapy).
- Lifestyle factors (alcohol consumption, obesity, physical inactivity). Environmental exposures (radiation).
Pathophysiology: Uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal breast cells due to accumulated genetic mutations, with potential for local invasion and metastasis via lymphatic or hematogenous routes.

Care

Prevention: Lifestyle modifications (healthy weight, exercise, limit alcohol). Risk-reducing surgery (e.g., mastectomy/oophorectomy in BRCA carriers). Chemoprevention (e.g., tamoxifen in high-risk women).
Follow-up:
- Regular clinical exams and mammography.
- Surveillance for recurrence or second cancers. Management of long-term treatment effects and psychosocial support.

Known Symptoms

Common symptoms: Palpable breast lump (often painless). Changes in breast size/shape, skin dimpling or thickening. Nipple retraction, discharge (especially bloody), or rash.
Red-flag symptoms: Axillary lymphadenopathy. Persistent breast pain unrelated to menstrual cycle. signs of advanced disease (e.g., bone pain, jaundice, shortness of breath).

Known Causes

Etiology:
- Genetic factors (e.g., BRCA1/2 mutations, family history).
- Hormonal influences (early menarche, late menopause, hormone replacement therapy).
- Lifestyle factors (alcohol consumption, obesity, physical inactivity). Environmental exposures (radiation).
Pathophysiology: Uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal breast cells due to accumulated genetic mutations, with potential for local invasion and metastasis via lymphatic or hematogenous routes.

Care

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Oncology

Oncology

Our Cancer Center offers comprehensive, multidisciplinary cancer care within a quaternary hospital setting, ensuring that every form of therapy and supportive service is available under one roof. With dedicated departments in Medical, Surgical, Radiation and Hemato-Oncology, Nuclear Medicine, Genomics and Palliative Care, our experienced teams deliver evidence-based, personalised treatment through advanced technologies such as linear accelerators, PET-CT, NGS-based precision oncology, CAR-T therapy and bone marrow transplantation. Every patient’s case is reviewed by a multi-specialty tumour board to design an individualised, multimodality treatment plan, supported by outpatient daycare chemotherapy, advanced radiotherapy techniques, minimally invasive surgeries and targeted nuclear therapies. From early detection and screening to rehabilitation, survivorship and end-of-life care, we focus not only on treating cancer but on delivering compassionate, coordinated and patient-centred care at every stage.

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