Leukemia

Known Symptoms

Bone marrow failure effects: Anemia (fatigue, pallor, shortness of breath).
Thrombocytopenia (bruising, petechiae, bleeding).
Neutropenia (fever, recurrent infections).
Organ infiltration: Hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy. Bone/joint pain, CNS involvement (headache, cranial nerve palsies).
Constitutional symptoms: Weight loss, night sweats.
Red flags: Unexplained fevers with cytopenias, spontaneous bleeding, or rapidly enlarging masses.

Known Causes

Genetic mutations (e.g., BCR-ABL in CML, FLT3 in AML).
Environmental exposures (ionizing radiation, benzene, chemotherapy agents).
Genetic syndromes (e.g., Down syndrome, Fanconi anemia).
Viral infections (e.g., HTLV-1 associated with adult T-cell leukemia).
Pathophysiology: Clonal expansion of malignant hematopoietic precursor cells disrupts normal bone marrow function, causing cytopenias and systemic spread.

Care

Prevention:
- Minimize exposure to known risk factors (e.g., radiation, benzene).
- Genetic counseling for high-risk families.
Follow-up:
- Regular monitoring of blood counts and minimal residual disease (MRD). Long-term surveillance for relapse or secondary malignancies. Management of late effects from therapy (e.g., cardiac toxicity, infertility).

Known Symptoms

Bone marrow failure effects: Anemia (fatigue, pallor, shortness of breath).
Thrombocytopenia (bruising, petechiae, bleeding).
Neutropenia (fever, recurrent infections).
Organ infiltration: Hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy. Bone/joint pain, CNS involvement (headache, cranial nerve palsies).
Constitutional symptoms: Weight loss, night sweats.
Red flags: Unexplained fevers with cytopenias, spontaneous bleeding, or rapidly enlarging masses.

Known Causes

Genetic mutations (e.g., BCR-ABL in CML, FLT3 in AML).
Environmental exposures (ionizing radiation, benzene, chemotherapy agents).
Genetic syndromes (e.g., Down syndrome, Fanconi anemia).
Viral infections (e.g., HTLV-1 associated with adult T-cell leukemia).
Pathophysiology: Clonal expansion of malignant hematopoietic precursor cells disrupts normal bone marrow function, causing cytopenias and systemic spread.

Care

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Oncology

Oncology

Our Cancer Center offers comprehensive, multidisciplinary cancer care within a quaternary hospital setting, ensuring that every form of therapy and supportive service is available under one roof. With dedicated departments in Medical, Surgical, Radiation and Hemato-Oncology, Nuclear Medicine, Genomics and Palliative Care, our experienced teams deliver evidence-based, personalised treatment through advanced technologies such as linear accelerators, PET-CT, NGS-based precision oncology, CAR-T therapy and bone marrow transplantation. Every patient’s case is reviewed by a multi-specialty tumour board to design an individualised, multimodality treatment plan, supported by outpatient daycare chemotherapy, advanced radiotherapy techniques, minimally invasive surgeries and targeted nuclear therapies. From early detection and screening to rehabilitation, survivorship and end-of-life care, we focus not only on treating cancer but on delivering compassionate, coordinated and patient-centred care at every stage.

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